SWOT and PESTE Analysis for Bottled Water - 1142 Words

SWOT and PESTE Analysis for Bottled Water. To develop an appropriate marketing strategy would involve creating a link between the external environment and the key internal factors of bottled water. This dissertation from www.coursework.info SWOT analysis is the focus upon the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats facing a business internally and externally. To enable a SWOT analysis to be carried out, research into bottled water companies current and future positions need to completed. This would result in building upon its strengths, minimise its weaknesses, seized its opportunities and cancel out the threats.cocf cfr secfcfw orcf cfk incf focf cf. STRENGTHS River Rock produce water which sold as part of coca cola. Coca†¦show more content†¦Laws can also change bottled water companies income because if a law was brought out, that you could only work 9.00am - 5.00pm, factory hours would be cut, resulting in less water being bottled and people would have less disposable income to spend on pleasurable items e.g. chocolate.If the government continue to not lower petrol taxes, it could result in another petrol crisis, which has a knock on effect to tourists from reaching the water companies, it stops the distribution chain, and stops factory workers from getting to their work place, putting a halt on production. Foucault refuted elitebluess rationalisation . ECONOMIC - influenced by domestic economic policies and world economic trends. Theinterest rates can affect companies because if the interest rates were high then water companies would not want to borrow as much money for expansion. Also if consumers had loans they would again have less disposable income to buy luxury items. If the minimum wage were brought down, this would mean more money for bottled water companies but would also result in low sales from the consumers. The government can also raise taxes, which would bring a stand still to the sales of water. eliteblues, please do not redistribute this cours. We work very hard to create this website, and we trust our visitors to respect it for the good of other students. Please, do not circulate this cours elsewhere on the internet. Anybody found doing so will be permanently banned. SOCIAL - close

What I Don t Understand About Myself - 989 Words

Before the personal essay was even an assignment, I ask myself this question every time: â€Å"What am I? And what makes me stand out than another?†. Society stated that each person was born for a purpose of contributing their own gift for other appreciation, from my perspective, I clearly don’t understand a lot about myself. People believe the larger the impact you make, the clearer you will find your true character. What I don’t have the abilities to make such an impact that shows my character, but maybe there could something inside could represent the person I am. My classmate in grade 4, started herself a Global Issue Network club as the president, however, she was very new to the idea of leading a club, so I insisted on aiding her, and†¦show more content†¦After that day, our GIN club began to explore different topics, like â€Å"Ethnic of Science† or â€Å"Illegal Drugs†, the thought of leaving the club never reached my mind, then it hit me when writing the essay: â€Å"I wonder, what does GIN summarize me as a person?†. Aside from hobbies, the talent can play a role in finding your characteristic, like when my mom forced me to play the piano when I was 6, back then, I don’t have a lot of opinions or objection on the idea of learning an instrument. So I spent the last 6 years perfecting the piano, as time fly, it was harder to endure a constant practicing on many pieces from Mozart to Bach, but it s also exciting to play, where the vibrant actually indulging you in an endless pattern of sound. Then I began to think: â€Å"could it be that from my mother s influence that affected the concept of me understanding my personality?†. Although no one has the right to choose your identity, but their knowledge and perception about yourself could make your decision about your identity clearer. I decided to stand back, and look at what I been doing with the lesson on the piano, as I saw the path, I felt that I could have asked my mom to stop learning piano if I wanted, but somehow I never actually thought, or felt like stopping. That s when I knew that my mom had seen my potential for perfecting the piano when I was young, knowing one day I will be envy if seeing many people

Marks and Spencer Free Essays

string(50) " in part weak because Marks ; Spencer was strong\." The case covers both the history of Marks Spencer throughout the last century ND, in more detail, from 1998 to 2004, the period when it moved from a position of market dominance to one In which it was deemed to be a take-over target. The case charts the attempts by Its deferent chief executives to address the problems during this time and, therefore, the various change Initiatives that were mounted. 2. We will write a custom essay sample on Marks and Spencer or any similar topic only for you Order Now Position of the case The case study relates, in particular, to the problems and means of managing strategic change in Marks Spencer. So it is particularly related to the coverage of strategic inertia and strategic drift in chapter 1 and programmatic design and hang in chapter 10. With this In mind it might be taught at the end of the strategy course. However, It could also be used as a case to require students to analyses the reasons for the problems of Marks Spencer, not only In terms of organizational culture, but also in terms of the market and competitive position of the firm. In this sense it could be used as a strategic analysis case earlier in the course. It also poses the question of the strategy that should be followed to regain competitive advantage, and Is therefore also concerned with strategic choice. 3. Learning objectives The case study requires an understanding by students of some important concepts and tools. In particular: ; the concept and the causes of strategic drift (chapter 1) Instructor’s Manual 504 Pearson Education Limited 2005 ; how this links to organizational culture, and therefore the cultural web and its relevance (chapter 4) ; the concept of differentiation: what It means and what It does not mean (chapter 5) ; incremental versus transformational change in organizations: and the challenges associated with each (chapter 10). ; the feasibility and practicalities of designed strategic change in organizations chapter 10) ; the role and style of strategic leaders (chapter 10). 1 en teaching process One of the benefits of this case is that almost all students (UK at least) will have heard of Marks ; Spencer, and very likely will have personal experiences of it. They may well also have personal views about the reasons for its demise. However, care must be taken that it does not override a reasoned understanding of the background of Marks ; Spencer and some of the documented rather than personal evidence to do with the organization. Nonetheless, the personal experience an be useful in generating discussion in class, and even as data in relation to some of the problems experienced by customers. It is useful to begin the case discussion by getting students to recognize the huge success of Marks ; Spencer for most of its history, and to try and account for that success. This might be done by raising the question of why and how it achieved a position of competitive advantage in relation to other retailers. The class session can then move on to discuss the reasons for the problems it faced in the late sass; what strategy it should follow to overcome these; and finally the attempts to manage change that the management undertook in the sass. 5. Questions 1 . Why was Marks ; Spencer so successful? 2. What was its basis of competitive advantage? 3. Why did Marks ; Spencer suffer its downturn in performance in the late sass? 4. What competitive strategy should Marks ; Spencer seek to follow? 5. Evaluate the change initiatives mounted since the departure of Richard Greenberg. Instructor’s Manual 505 6. Why was Evenhanded initially seen as successful, and what led Marks Spencer to once again perform badly? 7. What are the underlying problems at Marks Spencer in the early sass? 6. Case analysis 6. The years of success A useful way of running the class here is to ask for contributory explanations as to the reasons for success of Marks Spencer. These are likely to vary quite a lot in terms of both the time period being talked about, and also the characteristics of the organization that led to success. For example: ; in the early days price clearly played a part ; as did consistency of quality and service ; as did the caliber of staff r ecruited and their training. Certainly the last two characteristics were carried forward throughout the century: but others came to be important too. For example: the consistency of quality of merchandise insisted upon by top management, closely monitored in suppliers ; direction from the head office for identical store operations, for example in items of layout, merchandising and training of staff, which further ensured consistency ; the prime location of stores ; the middle of the road appeal of the shops and merchandise ; the no questions asked returns policy, which was a guarantee to customers of quality acceptable to ; the strongly embedded sense of family, which permeated throughout the entire organization; this meant that for much of the century employees felt care for and, in urn, adopted the same feelings to the organization ; the successful development of new product ranges (e. G. Food) with a similar emphasis on quality/value. The important point to get students to understand is that all of these may well be relevant: that the reasons for the success are not based on single characteristics, but rather on the mix of char acteristics and how they fit together. Instructor’s Manual 6. 2 Bases of competitive advantage This last point leads nicely onto a discussion about bases of competitive advantage. Why did Marks ; Spencer achieve the advantage it enjoyed over so many decades? This should provide a useful discussion in class, which might conclude: ; It is not any one characteristic but a mix of characteristics that, as a set of linkages, would be very difficult to imitate. Any one of the characteristics may be possible to imitate, but the mix would not. ; Marks ; Spencer had identified a market that had the benefits of being large, middle of the road with weak competitors in it. (Of course the competitors were in part weak because Marks ; Spencer was strong. You read "Marks and Spencer" in category "Papers" ) Most of the niche retailers concentrated on younger market segments or more fashion-conscious market segments. There remained a large percentage of the population who looked for more conservative clothing, and durable merchandise and consistency. ; It was the quintessential British store, and had been like this since its establishment. The price of its products was always reasonable, and the quality was always assured to be high. Furthermore, traditionally it used only a few dedicated British suppliers, and was proud to do so. The same debate may be used to illustrate what is meant by differentiation. Differentiation here is based not on a product or service, so much as on a mixed set of competences and resources. . 3 Strategic drift and the problems of the sass Marks ; Spencer provides an excellent vehicle by which to discuss the issue of strategic drift. Recall the Circus Paradox (see chapter 11 of Exploring Corporate Marks ; Spencer store monitors quality identical garments sent to every store direction for identical store operations enhanced customer service location on every main high street no questions asked return policy middle of the road appeal sense of family Head Office Suppliers Extemporaneousness’s Manual 507 Strategy): namely that an organization’s success is often the root of its demise. Over he years Marks ; Spencer developed a whole culture around the way it did things and how it built upon its competences. This was a tremendous strength for it and led to its success. However, it also led to an entrenched and embedded way of doing things, together with a degree of certainty – even arrogance – in so doing, which was extremely difficult to change. It appears that no one saw the need for any change; indeed the strategy of the organization was, in effect, a function of the certainty of ways of doing things. For the most part and for many years this worked. However, there were early signs of it not doing so. The manifestations came in the late sass, but decline in performance lagged. By the early sass commentators were critical of the arrogant attitude of Marks ; Spencer towards customers. Other retailers had moved to credit card facilities; Marks ; Spencer had not. Marks ; Spencer did not introduce changing facilities for customers until the mid sass. Research had shown that people were tolerant of inefficiencies in Marks ; Spencer, such as lines being out of stock, when they would not be in other retailers. Moreover it had become clear that the culture was not only driving the strategy, but also driving the appointment of senior personnel in the firm. Up to and including Greenberg, there had never been a chief executive of Marks ; Spencer who had not been a member of the family, or who had worked with the firm for the whole of his career. These strategic leaders came to embody the Marks ; Spencer way of doing things; so it was hardly surprising that they could see few other ways of doing things, or the threats of competition that were looming. The internal workings of Marks ; Spencer had also become highly deferential, male oriented, with layers of management and considerable bureaucracy. These were all symptoms of an organization removing itself from immediate contact with customer need. In addition the market was changing. Increasingly customers valued higher levels of service, and were seeking novelty and difference. Paradoxically Marks ; Spencer malign nave enumerators tens Ana Its consolable Its range, since It was a leader in providing novelty in prepared food. However, the core clothing ranges remained determinedly middle of the road. At the same time other retailers were beginning to target the traditional Marks ; Spencer market, but with more focused fashion ranges. On top of this, lower-priced clothing retailers began to improve their quality. So Marks ; Spencer found itself in a pincer movement, where traditional low- priced retailers and hagiographer retailers were entering its markets. It is, perhaps, important to note that many of these changes took place over many years. This was not a sudden occurrence. Most retail observers would agree that the changes were evident from the late sass onwards. The point that can be emphasized again is the extent to which there is a lag effect in terms of performance. Instructor’s Manual 6. 4 Competitive strategy It is no easy matter to resolve the question as to what the competitive strategy of Marks Spencer should be. Students will probably recognize the need for greater clarity on bases of differentiation. However, encourage the students to think in terms of who they see the customers as, and what their needs are. This is not straightforward given the past ‘middle of the road’ customer segment occupied by Marks Spencer. For example, would students suggest that Marks Spencer should substantially reduce the size of the market segment it is targeting, or that it should target multiple segments? Should it be more focused in terms of merchandise? Should it try to remain focused on a middle range market? ; Given any of the above what would they see as the proposition for the Marks Spencer offering? ; Who would they see Marks Spencer competing against, and on what basis? ; How does this compare with the current strategy for clothing? ; What would the consequences be? For example, a tighter range of merchandise would require a change in store size presumably, as well as reduced market presence and turnover expectations. 6. 5 The change initiatives The case shows the almost frenetic activity in trying to manage change and turn around the organization since the departure of Richard Greenberg. It might be useful to encourage the students to use the diagnostic approach suggested at the beginning of chapter 10 as a basis by which to evaluate these initiatives. Specifically they might be asked to: ; Use the cultural web as a basis for identifying the main features of the culture of Marks Spencer. ; Perhaps do a re-webbing analysis similar to that in illustration 10. 2 to identify required change and draw up a force field analysis. Use the checklist in section 10. 2. 2 and exhibit 10. 3 to consider the contextual features of Marks Spencer which might inform required change. Marks Spencer culture The characteristics of the Marks Spencer culture identified through a cultural web exercise might include: Instructor’s Manual ; paradigm: we are the best; we set the standards; we know best; we occupy the middle ground; we are synonymous with high quality; people respect us and will always shop here ; power: very top-heavy with deference to top management; male dominated ; origination: mechanistic, bureaucratic; top-down; hierarchical ; control: top-down control in detail both of the stores and of suppliers; insistence on conformity ; rituals and routines: deference; knowing your place; store layout; family atmosphere ; stories: history and legacy; Simon Marks; power over suppliers; authoritarian behavior of top management; staff welfare benefits ; symbols: the SST Michael brand; Simon Marks and Coos as father figures; identical store appearance The picture that emerges is one of tradition, formality, set ways of doing things and huge self-confidence b ordering on arrogance. It is an internalized system where everyone knows their place and their role. In times of success it would ensure the continued delivery of that success. In terms of threat or downturn it would be very difficult to change and would insulate the firm from seeing the problems. If the students undertake a re-webbing exercise, encourage them to identify what the competitive strategy would need to be, and then what the cultural web would need to be like to deliver it. This is no straightforward matter, especially as there is likely to be considerable debate about what the strategy should be. For example, students might suggest that there needs to be a great deal more sensitivity to market needs, and perhaps identification and selection of target markets and action based on target market needs. If so, encourage the students to think through what this would mean culturally, in terms of routine behavior, power structures, organizational structures, etc. The change context Using the checklist in exhibit 10. 3 students may arrive at the following conclusions. ; Time: Just how much time does Marks ; Spencer have? The chief executive has set a fairly tight timescale. Is it realistic or does it have longer – or perhaps shorter? What would determine this? Students may believe for example that, unless success is evident within a relatively short period of time, acquisition may be a serious possibility. Instructor’s Manual 510 ; Scope: It is transformational change or realignment that is necessary? Students are likely to arrive at the view that in cultural terms at least it is transformational change that is required. If the time period is short and transformational change is required then in terms of exhibit 10. 2 it is ‘revolution’ that is needed. So students should valuate the current change initiatives in that light. ; Preservation: Clearly there are aspects of Marks Spencer that should be preserved: its brand name; perhaps its store locations; perhaps many aspects of the logistics of the organization. However, it is equally important to ask what should not De preserved: students may rater Deck to ten cultural wed to Intently many aspects there that need to be replaced or changed. Diversity: There has been a high degree of homogeneity within the firm. Students are likely to argue that this is not appropriate to the current situation; but is the sort f new experience brought in to the organization appropriate? Students may argue that it has introduced new blood . Others might point to worrying aspects of appointments, such as fashion designers totally unused to the traditional Marks Spencer customer. Others may observe that diversity is beneficial if there is a clear overall purpose or mission: but is there for Marks Spencer? ; Capability: The vast majority of managers at Marks Spencer are not used to change. Where is the evidence that experienced change managers have been introduced to the organization? If they were to be introduced, is there any evidence that middle management and supervisory management have any expertise or experience in this area? What are the implications? ; Capacity: Marks Spencer does not lack the financial resource to change: but does it have the systems facilities to change; or are these so embedded in the organization that it would be difficult to change them? ; Readiness: By the time of the case study, presumably the workforce recognized, at least intellectually, the need for change: is it possible there was more readiness here Han at middle or top levels of management? Power: Marks Spencer has traditionally been a top-down organization with very authoritarian control from the centre. However, this has been used to maintain the status quo rather than implement change. Could that tradition of top-down control be used as a basis for managing change? Or would th at be inappropriate? In the context of all this, how do the initiatives described in the case study look? Conclusions that students may come to might be: ; There is a lot of activity, but a great deal of it is at an operational level. It is not clear hat the future strategy of the organization is to be, or if there is a clear purpose/ mission. Instructor’s Manual 511 ; New managers have been brought in but, without a clear strategy for the future, they are likely to contribute their own individual endeavourers, which could lead too fragmentation of strategy. ; What efforts are being made to transform the embedded culture of the organization as it affects those throughout the organization? What more could be done here? 6. 6 The success and failure of Vendible’s strategies Throughout his time at MS Evenhanded implemented a number of different traceries. Many of the first strategies he implemented were seen as successful, and after some initial criticism by the press, City, analysts and shareholders, he became quite favored and was rumored to be the ‘savior of Marks ; Spencer’. However, after this initial success many of MG’s strategies were not very successful. Some of Vendible’s successful strategies were: ; A rebind and update of the corporate image thus avoiding the confusing ‘Marks ; Spencer’ and ‘SST Michael’ symbols. ; A restructuring AT ten supply canal winner stores were stock demographic patterns. EAI oases on Evenhanded also implemented a strategy that attempted to gain knowledge from the overseas stores, each of which had established its own locally orientated strategies. However, Vendible’s overarching priority was to stabilize M;S in the I-J, so before the overseas knowledge could be gained he announced his plans to withdraw from all European and American markets. This was one of his first failures, because although analysts could see that the disposals were necessary to bring focus to operations, it was not a success in terms of how it was managed and the damage it did to M;G’s reputation. There were a series of problems associated with the retrenchments across Europe including strike action, trade union negotiation, and the French Government taking MS to court. Headlines describing these occurrences shocked the UK public, especially since angry picket line photographs often accompanied the articles. Another prominent strategy of Evenhanded was his announcement that MS would be moving from its headquarters in Baker Street, London. This was heralded as a massive change for the organization and a huge step away from its old culture. As the move was set for Spring 2004, analysts tit with baited breath to see what effect the move will have on the deeply ingrained culture at MS. This is an area that the students could discuss: would the move to a new headquarters change MG’s culture? Chapter 4 on culture could be used to support this discussion. Over time Evenhanded continually stressed the importance of restoring confidence to M;G’s ‘core customers’, the primary aim being to make women once again feel that they could rely on the organization. To achieve this Evenhanded implemented several strategies in tandem. MG’s fashion collections were designed for traditional shoppers Instructor’s Manual 512 ND described as ‘classically-styled’; it also launched the more youthful range ‘Per Nun’. Initially these strategies were successful, with figures showing the first quarter on quarter sales increase for three years; its shares also rose by 10%. Shortly after this positive impact on the figures, Evenhanded presented his three pronged approach to expand in the I-J: development of homeward; expansion of ‘Simply Food’ and leveraging of financial services. He also streamlined MG’s logistics; this again led to stronger financial results and Evenhanded being praised for successful, appropriate, strategies. Yet the praise came too quickly and soon turned to problems and failure, as there still remained strong concern regarding the clothing and food ranges. After originally making some headway into M;S clothing recovery, Evenhanded shifted the focus to his three pronged approach. However, a number of problems had persisted in the clothing range, significantly with womanlier and childlessness, the traditional ‘core’ of M;S. The problems came from overstocking and markdowns for sale items. Clothing was also losing a lot of market share. Evenhanded also stepped down as CEO (remaining as Chairman), and took up the session of non-executive director in a number of organizations. Commentators felt it was too soon Tort Venezuela to make sun moves, as teen Dell eye off the ball’. en was taking Till MS also launched ‘;more’, which, in addition to some of its other successful strategies, led too rise in profits and an increase in dividend. It also allowed MS to begin to generate a relationship with some of its customers; this was heralded as a success. By November 2003, however, there was concern that MG’s recovery had faltered significantly. Much of this was blamed on the remaining problems in the ore areas of food and clothing, which the implemented strategies had failed to address. Although the Simply Food outlets were performing well, food in the stores was underperforming the market. Problems in clothing were worse, products were in the wrong places, ranges were weak and clothes were severely discounted. Finally, although from his early employment commentators had felt that Evenhanded would be addressing M;G’s culture, they agreed that he had failed to make an impression on changing it. The answer to question 6. (below), which discusses the underlying problems at MS, can also be used to understand why the majority f its strategies were ultimately unsuccessful. 6. 7 The underlying problems of MS in the early sass There were a number of underlying problems in MS throughout the early sass. These can broadly be separ ated into two areas, culture and core products. Many of the underlying problems experienced in the sass echo the problems that had occurred in Instructor’s Manual 513 the past. As is shown below many of the problems were not addressed by M;S when they first surfaced and so continue to remain problems for the organization today. Culture Even though Evenhanded, and then Holmes, had wanted to update M;G’s ultra, many of the old beliefs and values that had been instilled for decades were still believed and pervaded the organization. There had been some changes, for example the removal of the ‘SST Michael’ symbol. In addition because of the poor financial performance there was less off feeling that We are the best’. In spite of this, though, much of the old culture remained, for example M;S still wanted to be synonymous with high quality, and to have respect from customers. There also remained many of the old elements of tradition and formality, much of which was felt would not alter until M;S moved into its new headquarters. There continued to remain a feeling that employees knew their place and role. The structure, which had been subject to many reorganizations over the years, was felt to be too complicated, with too many members. This resulted in problems with lengthy and convoluted decision making. At this point a further re-webbing exercise might be useful to identify what the cultural web would need to be like to address the problems which remain at M;S. The ‘Core’ of M;S Throughout the early sass Evenhanded attempted a number of different strategies to improve the flagging performance of its core ranges: food and clothing. Both ranges had been performing poorly and for the most part underperforming the market. 0 attempt to stem tense problems new Innovative T solutions were created to improve the food range, and collaborations with Despond and Sons and George Davies were undertaken in the clothing range. After these measures were put in place there was an immediate increase in profits and share price. Once this had occurred Evenhanded focused on his three pronged progression plan; this resulted in the focus shifting away from the core ranges and moving towards homeward, financial services and the Simply Food motorway outlets. With clothing M;S continued to hang on to the traditional idea of its customers. It wanted to restore the confidence of its core customers and so returned to classically styled clothing; this was targeted at the traditional shoppers. To attempt to attract younger shoppers into the stores M;S used Per Nun. This resulted in many different looks, in terms of style ranges, all trying to find a place in the store. M;S was attempting, in accordance with the strapping its advertisements were carrying, to be ‘exclusively for everyone’; to achieve this it wanted to offer things to all TTS customers. It was again accused by commentators of lacking focus in its operations. Instructor’s Manual 514 Offering different products to all of its customers resulted in the neglect of the core ranges, and ultimately the food range was deemed to be performing ‘adequately, but below market levels. The clothing range, both women’s- and childlessness predominantly, had taken a severe set-back, with sales, profits and market share having decreased. As a footnote to the case, it should be noted that in late Spring 2004, both Luck Evenhanded and Roger Holmes were removed from Marks Spence’s management. Stuart Rose, a former Marks ; Spencer executive, but one who had worked extensively outside, became the new Chief Executive Officer. During May and June, Rose successfully fought Off hostile takeover bid by the retail entrepreneur Philip Green, owner of British Home Stores and other high street chain stores. For the moment, at least, shareholders seemed confident that Marks ; Spencer could fix itself under its new leadership. How to cite Marks and Spencer, Papers Marks and Spencer Free Essays Case Study: Marks and Spencer, Ltd. (A) Marks and Spencer has a reputation of greatness and quality in the U. K. We will write a custom essay sample on Marks and Spencer or any similar topic only for you Order Now Their five tenets of operating principals are the cornerstone of the company’s strength in the industry. They fostered strong human relations with its customers, suppliers, and staff through offering selective range of high-quality merchandise at reasonable prices, encouraging suppliers to use top-notch modern technology, growth, and cooperation to enforce the highest standard of quality. Breaking down Porter’s Five Forces identifies the competitive forces in Mark and Spencer: 1) Suppliers: MS is not dependent on suppliers as other stores are, due to MS producing and selling its own branded products. Raw products are supplied, which is an advantage for its margins. They have an astounding and long (some relationships dating back to 40 years) reputation with their suppliers, which allows for discounts. 2) Buyers: Buyers have a substantial influence by shopping around, forcing MS to continue in supplying high quality garments and food products at reasonable prices. ) Threat of Entry: Even though MS has a very loyal customer base, online shopping was just at the early stages in the early 1990’s along with other super markets establishing a one-stop shop for all customers’ needs. 4) Substitutes: Threat of substitutes is high due to buyers’ looking for cheaper alternatives in other competitive outlets. Also, because MS focused on essential cloth ing, and less on fads or trendy lines, competitors were quicker to react in offering more trendy clothing lines. ) Competitive Rivalry: MS has fierce competition from other food, clothing, and home wares retailers; such as supermarkets Tesco, Asda, and J. Sainsbury. Due to MS commanding market strength in the U. K. , MS expanded overseas. They had shared success in other countries, but also were also presented with challenges. For instance, France viewed MS brand as old-fashioned. Looking at Exhibit 13, the market share of clothing and footwear by age group were as followed: 15-24 age group (5. 9%), 25-44 age group (13. 9%), 45-64 (21. 3%), and 65+ (23. 6%). MS focused on getting more of those younger buyers into the stores where they see first-hand the service they provide; but if MS focused less on fad and trends (which is attractive to the younger demographic) the efforts in marketing are wasted. Out of the five locations in France, only Paris was showing promising performance. With MS strong performance in U. K. , it can’t expect its brand presence in U. K. to spill over to other countries. As noted, MS never reached its full potential even though it acquired/purchased interests of other department stores. What if MS invested more into marketing and â€Å"perusing the public to buy† instead of just relying on the products to sell itself? What if MS invested more into clothing lines that follow trends and fads, to tap into the younger demographic? For instance, take chains such as HM or Forever 21: offering affordable trendy clothing that cater to younger buyers. MS can still offer well-designed and quality clothing lines, but now attract the younger and older buyers that are into trendy fashions; but it is very crucial they don’t abandon their loyal customer base. What if MS closed stores that had small market share and minimal profit (some territories in Austria and West Europe), and invested more into extending the market share in other countries? Also, during the 90’s, the world-wide web came into existence along with online shopping, allowing MS to extend its services and marketing (which I was surprised there was no mention of it in the case). Source: Marks and Spencer, Ltd. (A) (1994). HBR 9-391-089, by Cynthia A. Montgomery How to cite Marks and Spencer, Essay examples Marks and Spencer Free Essays Abstract Currently, the retailer Marks and Spencer (MS) is not only well-recognized among the UK citizens, although its branches are well established across the globe with many product categories available. During recent years, it has been found that the sales growth of Marks and Spencer’s merchandising, which has been its oldest and most important sector, has been in decline while the growth of MS’s food sector has increased at an impressive pace. This study will attempt to find the factors responsible for the declining sales in clothing and the rising growth in food of Marks and Spencer, and hope to shed some lights on which areas the company should focus on to fix this decline in sales. We will write a custom essay sample on Marks and Spencer or any similar topic only for you Order Now The method will rely on the literature reviews of article from credible sources as well as published books. The paper will be analysed in two sections: factors affecting a sales slump in clothing, and factors affecting the rapid sales growth in the food department. 1. Introduction Established in 1884, Marks and Spencer has grown from a single-market company to a multinational corporation that has many branches around the world, including in England, the United States, and Thailand (www.marksandspencer.com, 2014). Not only has the 130-year-old corporation expanded across the globe, but it has also increased its product diversity as well. Although it began as a merchandising business, MS currently sells a range of products, including women’s lingerie, sportswear, cosmetics and food. However recent sources, including Ahmed (2014), Ficenec (2014) and Pinnington (2014) have observed that the sales of the clothing division of MS has been declining in recent years while that of the food department has increased; for instance, Ahmed (2014) at the BBC found that clothing has gone down by 1.5 percent in 2014, while a like-for-like sale of food has gone up by 1.7 percent in this time. Ficenec also added that the decreasing sales in the clothing department has been going on for up to three years. As of late 2013, the sale of food accounted for more in the total sales of clothes, with 55 percent against 45 percent respectively (Ruddick, 2013). For the clothing department, this event could be classified as relative product failure (Dibb et al., 2006). Though one may argue that the drop in sales might be an industry trend for that year, Primark was found to receive a 5 percent like-for-like increase in sales during this time (Ruddick, 2013). Therefore, marketing problems in MS’s clothing department have emerged as an interesting research topic. This report will discuss several marketing factors that could account for the widening sales gap between Mark and Spencer’s food and clothing divisions, focusing primarily on the UK. The study is divided into two discussions of the factors affecting the sales slump in clothing and will discuss the factors affecting the rapid growth in sales for the food department. Elements analysed in this paper include marketing variables, such as: target markets and customer profiles, price, quality and product positioning. Finally, a conclusion on the relevance of the examined factors towards the sales diversion will be made. 2. Literature review Marketing strategy can be defined as an organisation’s strategy that combines all of its marketing goals into one comprehensive plan. A good marketing strategy should be drawn from market research and focus on the right product mix in order to achieve the maximum profit potential and sustain the business. According to the Business Dictionary (2014), the marketing strategy is the foundation of a marketing plan. Marks Spencer is one of the oldest supermarkets in the UK. Established in 1884 by Michael Marks and Thomas Spencer in Leeds, the company became the first British retailer to make a pre-tax profit of over ?1 billion. It has delivered to more than 30 countries from its UK site and has 8 International websites and 644 UK stores (www.marksandspencer.com, 2014). Various sources, including Ahmed (2014), Ficenec (2014) and Pinnington (2014) have observed that Marks Spencer as a company has been expanding and diversifying its products so that it includes foodstuffs as well as clothing and plastic materials. 3. Methodology This study took place in Middlesex University on the pre-sessional programme in August 2014. It was completed by a group consisting of three people from the pre-sessional course, these were: Mohammed, Maram and Buk. We chose Marks and Spencer Company from FTSE 100 because MS is one of the most popular and oldest companies in the UK. It also offers a wide range of products such as food or clothes. Once we had selected this company, we performed research in the library to find out the factors that made sales grow for Marks and Spencer, and why this was greater for food than clothes. After that, the researchers interviewed others at Middlesex University. We performed secondary research by using websites and search engines, like Google scholar. We also looked at a database of Middlesex University as well as library catalogue to find sources that were related to our research and supported our ideas towards answering this question. We found many credible sources such as journals articles, books, newspaper and website. ? 4. Findings The researcher explored for sources that would be useful for this report. Three articles were found that are used in this report and were widely useful because they provided updated information. Further information was extracted from the company website, which was cited as particularly useful for historical information about the company and its origins, and also its subsidiaries. Moreover, it was found that book were used to provide general information and the views of academic sources. From these sources, it was identified that there is clear disparity between the sale of food and sale of clothing in Marks and Spencer Company. This was observed from various sources, including Ahmed (2014) who notes that while food sales were on the rise, clothing sales were falling. Ahmed from the BBC found clothing sales have dropped by 1.5 percent in 2014, while like-for-like sales of food rose 1.7 percent. However, there are several reasons for this disparity which will be explored in the foll owing section. 5. Discussion and Analysis There is a clear disparity between the sale of food and clothing in Marks and Spencer Company. Various sources such as Ahmed (2014) from the BBC saw that while food sales were on the rise in MS, clothing sales were falling. Ahmedfound that the sale of clothing dropped by 1.5 percent in 2014, while like-for-like sales of food rose 1.7 percent. However, there are several reasons for this disparity. The first factor, or the reason for the success of the food sales in MS, is the diversity of items in the food range and also the quality of the food. These were identified as the most important reasons that helped promote the sale of food products at MS. The company’s success in the sale of food can also be attributed to the popularity of microwavable foods, which have provide to be the most popular product in the food sales (Tresidder, 2010). A further reason that can be attributed to the success of the food sales in MS is due to the marketing campaigns surrounding them. The advertising for the food can be seen as one of the primary reasons for the success of the food sales in MS. The adverts appear on websites, television and marketing texts and all have an effect on promoting the MS food products to consumers. As a result, the company actually relies on the MS logo to attract consumers along with the company slogan – â€Å"this is not just food.† Kress (1996) and Van Leeuwen (2001) describe how this could be a good way to market the product and is a modern way to attract consumers. Furthermore, this marketing campaign can contribute to create effective promotional images on the TV which will lead on to higher sales of MS food. Among the factors that have helped the growth of sales of food products is the location and quality of the product. These are all factors that have been cited as attributing to the increase in sales of food products; however, the decline of the sale of clothing products is not entirely associated with the success of the food products but, more so, poor handling of the clothing line. For example, it has been argued that MS clothing range has been guilty of poor product positioning, both in stores, shop windows and in marketing texts (Tresidder, 2010). Furthermore, the clothing department website has been criticised for being overly complicated and difficult to navigate (Ahmed, 2014). Therefore it could be suggested that the MS clothing department learn the lessons of effective pricing, advertising and use of branding tools, such as slogans, used by the food department, to halt this decline and reverse the movement of their sales growth. 6. Conclusion In conclusion, MS has faced several issues in the Department of clothing, as sales fell dramatically; yet the sale of food products continue to rise. Several contributing factors to this pattern have been discussed, including effective branding, marketing for the food products, and poor product positioning of the clothing items. However, 7. Bibliography Ahmed, K. (2014) â€Å"MS chief Bolland says results ‘not good enough’†, BBC News Business, 8 July 2014. Accessed online at: http://www.bbc.com/news/28205935 [accessed 03/08/2014]. Dibb, S. (2006) Marketing: Concepts and Strategies, Houghton Mifflin Company: ISBN. Ficenec, J. (2014) â€Å"Question share tip: Hold Marks Spencer on strong food sales†, in The Telegraph, 9 July 2014. Accessed online at: http://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/10955632/Questor-share-tip-Hold-Marks-and-Spencer-on-strong-food-sales.html [accessed 03/08/2014]. Marks and Spencer, Official Website. Accessed online at: http://corporate.marksandspencer.com/?intid=gft_company [accessed 18/08/2014]. How to cite Marks and Spencer, Essay examples

Emergency, Terrorism, and Disaster Nursing free essay sample

Ongoing patient monitoring and evaluation of interventions are critical, and the nurse is responsible for providing appropriate interventions and assessing the patient’s response. Depending on the patient’s injuries and/or illness, the patient may be transported for diagnostic tests or directly to the operating room; admitted to a general unit, telemetry, or intensive care unit; or transferred to another facility. * * Post-Cardiac Arrest Hypothermia * Patients with nontraumatic, out-of-hospital cardiac arrest benefit from a combination of good chest compressions, rapid defibrillation, therapeutic hypothermia, and supportive care postarrest. Therapeutic hypothermia involves the three phases: induction, maintenance, and rewarming. * * Death in the Emergency Department The emergency nurse should recognize the importance of certain hospital rituals in preparing the bereaved to grieve, such as collecting the belongings, arranging for an autopsy, viewing the body, and making mortuary arrangements. Many patients who die in the emergency department (ED) could be a candidate for non–heart beating donation; certain tissues and organs can be harvested from patients after death. GERONTOLOGIC CONSIDERATIONS: EMERGENCY CARE Elderly people are at high risk for injury, primarily from falls. The three most common causes of falls in the elderly are generalized weakness, environmental hazards, and orthostatic hypotension. When assessing a patient who has experienced a fall, it is important to determine whether the physical findings may have actually caused the fall or may be due to the fall itself. ENVIRONMENTAL EMERGENCIES HEAT-RELATED EMERGENCIES * Brief exposure to intense heat or prolonged exposure to less intense heat leads to heat stress. Effects can be mild (e. g. , heat rash) or severe (e. g. heatstroke). * Heat cramps are severe cramps in large muscle groups fatigued by heavy work. * Prolonged exposure to heat over hours or days leads to heat exhaustion, a clinical syndrome characterized by fatigue, nausea, vomiting, extreme thirst, hypotension, elevated body temperature, and feelings of anxiety. * * Heatstroke Heatstroke is a medical emergency resulting from failure of the hypothalamic thermoregula tory processes. Increased sweating, vasodilation, and increased respiratory rate deplete fluids and electrolytes, specifically sodium, and core temperature rises rapidly. Treatment focuses on stabilizing the patient’s ABCs and rapidly reducing the temperature through various cooling methods. * * COLD-RELATED EMERGENCIES * Frostbite * Frostbite is true tissue freezing, which results in the formation of ice crystals in the tissues and cells. * Superficial frostbite involves skin and subcutaneous tissue, usually the ears, nose, fingers, and toes. Deep frostbite involves muscle, bone, and tendon. * Rewarming is painful and requires analgesia. The patient is monitored for complications. * * Hypothermia Hypothermia is defined as a core temperature lt;95? F (35? C). * Patients with mild hypothermia (93. 2? F-96. 8? F [34? C-36? C]) have shivering, lethargy, confusion, rational to irrational behavior, and minor heart rate changes. * Moderate hypothermia (86? F-93. 2? F [30? C-34? C]) causes rigidity, bradycardia, slowed respiratory rate, blood pressure only by Doppler, metabolic and respiratory acidosis, and hypovolemia. Shivering diminishes or disappears at temperatures ? 86? F (30? C). * Severe hypothermia (lt;86? F [30? C]) is a severe and potentially life-threatening situation that makes the person appear dead. Profound bradycardia, ventricular fibrillation, or asystole may be present. Every effort is made to warm the patient to at least 86? F (30? C) before the person is pronounced dead. The cause of death is usually refractory ventricular fibrillation. Treatment of hypothermia focuses on managing and maintaining ABCs, rewarming the patient, correcting dehydration and acidosis, and treating cardiac dysrhythmias. * * SUBMERSION INJURIES Submersion injury results when a person becomes hypoxic because of submersion in a substance, usually water. Drowning is death from suffocation after submersion in water or other fluid. Near-drowning is defined as survival from potential drowning. Immersion syndrome occurs with immersion in cold water that leads to stimulation of the vagus nerve and potentially fatal dysrhythmias. * Treatment of submersion injuries focuses on correcting hypoxia, acid-base imbalances, and fluid imbalances; supporting basic physiologic functions; and rewarming when hypothermia is present. * Secondary drowning refers to pulmonary complications that can develop in patients who are free of symptoms immediately after the near-drowning episode. * STINGS AND BITES Animals, spiders, snakes, and insects cause injury and even death by biting or stinging. Morbidity is a result of either direct tissue damage or lethal toxins. Death associated with animal bites is usually due to blood loss, allergic reactions, or lethal toxins. Stings can cause mild discomfort or life-threatening anaphylaxis. Venom may be cytotoxic, hemolytic, allergenic, or vasoactive. The most significant problems associated with bites are infection and mechanical destruction of the skin, muscle, tendons, blood vessels, and bone. Initial treatment for animal and human bites includes cleaning with copious irrigation, debridement, tetanus prophylaxis, analgesics, and prophylactic antibiotics as needed. * * POISONINGS A poison is any chemical that harms the body. Poisoning can be accidental, occupational, recreational, or intentional. Severity of the poisoning depends on type, concentration, and route of exposure. Specific management of toxins involves decreasing absorption, enhancing elimination, and implementation of toxin-specific interventions per the local poison control center. Options for decreasing absorption of poisons include activated charcoal, dermal cleansing, eye irrigation, and, less frequently, gastric lavage. * Skin and ocular decontamination involves removal of toxins from skin and eyes using copious amounts of water or saline. Most toxins can be safely removed with water or saline. * Elimination of poisons is increased through administration of cathartics, whole-bowel irrigation, hemodialysis, urine alkalinization, chelating agents, and antidotes. VIOLENCE * Violence is the acting out of the emotions of fear or anger to cause harm to someone or something. Violence can take place in a variety of settings, including the home, community, and workplace. EDs have been identified as high-risk areas for workplace violence. * Family and intimate partner violence is a pattern of coercive behavior in a relationship that involves fear, humiliation, intimidation, neglect; and/or intentional physical, emotional, financial, or sexual injury. * Screening for family and intimate partner violence is required for any patient who is found or suspected to be a victim of abuse. Appropriate interventions should be initiated, including making referrals, providing emotional support, and informing victims about their options. * AGENTS OF TERRORISM * Terrorism involves overt actions such as the dispensing of nuclear, biologic, or chemical (NBC) agents as weapons for the expressed purpose of causing harm. * The biologic agents most likely to be used in a terrorist attack are anthrax, smallpox, botulism, plague, tularemia, and hemorrhagic fever. * Chemicals used as agents of terrorism are categorized according to their target organ or effect. These agents include sarin, phosgene, and mustard gas. * Radiologic dispersal devices (RRDs), also known as â€Å"dirty bombs,† consist of a mix of explosives and radioactive material. * Ionizing radiation (e. g. , nuclear bomb, damage to a nuclear reactor) represents a serious threat to the safety of the victims and the environment. * Explosive devices used as agents of terrorism result in one or more of the following types of injuries: blast, crush, or penetrating. * * EMERGENCY AND MASS CASUALTY INCIDENT PREPAREDNESS The term emergency usually refers to any extraordinary event that requires a rapid and skilled response and that can be managed by a community’s existing resources. An emergency is differentiated from a mass casualty incident (MCI) in that an MCI is a manmade (e. g. , involving NBC agents) or natural (e. g. , hurricane) event or disaster that overwhelms a community’s ability to respond with existing resources. When an emergency or MCI occurs, first responders (e. g. , police, emergency medical personnel) are dispatched to the scene. Triage of victims of an emergency or MCI differs from the usual triage that occurs in the ED and must be conducted in less than 15 seconds. * If there is known or suspected contamination, decontamination is performed at the scene and before transport to hospitals. * Many victims will arrive at hospitals on their own; the total number of victims a hospital can expect is estimated by doubling the number of victims that arrive in the first hour . All health care providers have a role in emergency and MCI preparedness. This involves knowledge of the hospital’s emergency response plan and participation in emergency/MCI preparedness drills on a regular basis. Many communities have initiated programs to develop community emergency response teams (CERTs). Citizens are taught what to expect following a disaster and how to safely help themselves, their family, and their neighbors. Many hospitals and disaster medical assistance teams have a critical incident stress management unit that arranges group discussions to allow participants to verbalize and validate their feelings and emotions about the experience to facilitate emotional recovery.

2257425-600075 Essays - Islam, Religion, Hajj, Umayyad Architecture

2257425-600075 Kaaba Location: Mecca, Saudi Arabia Year of Construction: Unknown Reason of Importance: Muslims face the direction of Kaaba when they pray. It is considered as the House of Allah' and is the most sacred site in Islam. One of the five pillars in Islam requires all Muslims that can do so to go on a pilgrimage. On this pilgrimage, they need to walk around the Kaaba seven times. 00 Kaaba Location: Mecca, Saudi Arabia Year of Construction: Unknown Reason of Importance: Muslims face the direction of Kaaba when they pray. It is considered as the House of Allah' and is the most sacred site in Islam. One of the five pillars in Islam requires all Muslims that can do so to go on a pilgrimage. On this pilgrimage, they need to walk around the Kaaba seven times. -71374028575000 28117804943475 Al-Aqsa Mosque Location: Old City of Jerusalem Year of Construction: 705 CE Reason of Importance: Prophet Muhammad directed his prayers to this mosque, before God led him to Kaaba. He had a night journey that included the Al-Aqsa Mosque. 00 Al-Aqsa Mosque Location: Old City of Jerusalem Year of Construction: 705 CE Reason of Importance: Prophet Muhammad directed his prayers to this mosque, before God led him to Kaaba. He had a night journey that included the Al-Aqsa Mosque. -83820061626750023717252295526 Al-Masjid an-Nabawi Location: Medina, Saudi Arabia Year of Construction: 622 CE Reason of Importance: It was originally adjacent to Prophet Muhammad's house. It is traditionally the centre of Medina 00 Al-Masjid an-Nabawi Location: Medina, Saudi Arabia Year of Construction: 622 CE Reason of Importance: It was originally adjacent to Prophet Muhammad's house. It is traditionally the centre of Medina -714375335280000

Essay on Le Corbusier Villa Savoye

Essay on Le Corbusier Villa Savoye Essay on Le Corbusier: Villa Savoye Essay on Le Corbusier: Villa SavoyeLe Corbusier (1887 –1965), a talented Swiss-French architect and designer, is well known as the founder of modern architecture. Le Corbusier was born in Switzerland, but in 1930, he became a citizen of France. His unique buildings were constructed in Europe, India, and the USA. The architect was focused on designing the houses for the residents of the contemporary large cities, providing improved conditions for living in overcrowded areas. Le Corbusier was a well-educated man. He studied arts at the La-Chaux-de-Fonds Art School and architecture in Vienna. He was a â€Å"founder of the Congrà ¨s International dArchitecture Moderne (CIAM)† (Pinder 61). Le Corbusier’s talent had been widely used in urban planning. The most influential figures in his life were Renà © Chapallaz, Auguste Perret, Josef Hoffmann, Peter Behrens, Ludwig Mies van der Rohe and Walter Gropius.Cultural and societal influencesLe Corbusier managed to invert the established traditional design elements. He placed heavy architectural elements above the light ones located below. Besides, he â€Å"refused to enclose the ground story of the Villa Savoye with masonry walls†(Kleiner 887). Besides, he was influenced by new technologies. According to researchers, Le Corbusier â€Å"occupies a critical position in urbanism† due to the influence of the city planning(Pinder 61). He wanted to reconstruct modern cities, making considerable change in urban design. The architect criticized the disorder of modern cities and wanted to make them more impressive and appealing for living. He was focused on the transformation of spaces. According to Pinder, he was influenced by â€Å"the garden city movement† (63). Le Corbusier’s ideas contributed to the new styles in post-war reconstruction of the city buildings, especially during the housing crisis in France in the 1920s. The architect argued that â€Å"urban problems were root ed in a failure to come to terms with the demands of industry and the machine age† (Pinder 63). He paid special attention to the effects of urbanization and the consequences of mechanization for the city life.A discussion of some of the most influential works by the subject  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The most influential work is the Villa Savoye designed by Le Corbusier in 1929 in France. The Villa Savoye is a unique seminal building designed in the Modernist style. The Villa Savoye project is unique due to the uniqueness of design and construction. Le Corbusier used steel and ferroconcrete as the major construction materials, which helped to make the so-called â€Å"load† of the upper stories of the building by means of the slender columns (Kleiner 887).The Villa Savoye was designed to serve as a private home, but the architect was influenced by cultural and social factors to create a house that could serve as â€Å"the machine for living† (Klei ner 887). Le Corbusier designed the Villa Savoye the way he did because the architect reflected the fundamental nature of his style in architecture. The Villa Savoye is considered to be the purest Modernist construction.There are five major elements in the Villa Savoye’s architectural style, including   slender columns, impressive flat roof terrace, open plan, ribbon windows and free faà §ade (AD Classics: Villa Savoye / Le Corbusier, 2013). These elements were used by Le Corbusier as he was interested in technology and design of traditional steamships. The architect used simple design that resembled. His idea to create a unique steam-lined design was born out of new innovative engineering techniques of the 1920s-30s. Thus, cultural and social factors influenced Le Corbusier’s spatial planning, simplicity in details and minimalistic aesthetic and established the architect’s vision, making the Villa Savoye seminal.

Business Formation & Securities Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Business Formation & Securities Law - Essay Example The same act also requires all businesses to file registration statements with the Securities and Exchange Commission. This registration should include full material facts for investors (HG Legal Directories, 2011). This means that WiDgets &GaDgets has to disclose any important information to realtors who are an important part of their business. The realtors need to know all relevant information about ownership and finances before they make any decision to work with the company. The Small Company Formation Act of 2011 Different states in the U.S. have differing legal requirements for business formation. However, they are all similar in that proper registration of the business must be done before a company is given the go ahead and commence operations in a certain area. WiDgets & GaDgets have to go through the proper registration channels before they are allowed by law to form a business in any one state. Then they also required to comply with the real estate requirements for organizations planning to form businesses in particular areas (HG Legal Directories, 2011). This means that they have to consider the insurance and tenancy laws of the state they want to set up business. It is also important for the organizations to look carefully at the tax requirements for businesses that are situated in certain areas. In some states, businesses located in prime locations are likely to be taxed more than those in other areas (Cox, Hillman and Langevoort, 2009). While looking for the perfect location for business, WiDgets & GaDgets may have to think about the kind of place which will enable the company to make maximum returns while maintaining manageable taxation and expenditure. The securities Exchange Act of 1934 is the legislation that governs the secondary trading of business securities. As an organization that multiple chain stores in different states, WiDgets & GaDgets must

Commercial Production of Vitamin C Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Commercial Production of Vitamin C - Assignment Example Vitamin c, chemically is Ascorbic acid, It naturally occurs in fruits and vegetables, it is a vital substance ,and is water salable, Human body can not synthesize Vitamin c, nor can it store it , therefore the body requirements needs to be full filled from diet, through absorption from the gut. Historically, the deficiency of dietary in take can lead to a disease called Scurvy.. In 1 8th century the sailors and solders who used to be ,on ship for long time and there food was deficient in fruits and vegetables would develop scurvy, main symptoms of scurvy are , bleeding gums, bone and Joint pain nerve disorders and death.. , East India company appointed surgeon general MR Jhon woodall, who recommends in his book the use of lemon juice for the prevention and cure of Scurvy. In the year 1912 MR Casimir Funk a polish American, developed the concept of vitamins, he thought that they are micro constituent of diet and are essential for health, he named them vitamins because he thought they are vital and chemically are amino acids., from 1928 till 1933 MR Joseph L Svivly and MR Albert Szent Gyeryl of Hungary and An independent American MR Charls Glin King first isolated the anti Scorbutic factor and named it Ascorbic acid . British chemists Sir Walter Norman Haworth in 1933 till1934 synthesized vitamin C and hence made it cheaply available, for this contribution he was awarded the Noble prize of medicine in 1937.... pregnancy, sickness and lactation the daily requirement increases .Many folds Properties of Vitamin C, and Uses vitamin C is needed as a dietary supplement , for humans and pets, like humans some animals can not synthesize the substance hence they need it on daily basis, Vitamin C is also used in Industry as food preservative , in fruit juices beverages, that is because of its antioxidant properties, it is used to preserve color , taste in many food products. Vitamin c removes the oxygen from the surroundings to become oxidized, by this action it acts as an antioxidant, oxidation is responsible for the brown color that develops in fruits ,once exposed to oxygen., by oxidation the phenols in the fruits are converted to Melanins,, Melanins are brown in color. Those fruits which turn brown on cutting , like apple bananas, have a phenols, these Page 3 Phenols, in presence of oxygen and metal can turn quickly into Quinns., which are harmful.. Vitamin C is added to fruit juices to improve taste , preserve nutritional value and to preserve the color In meat industry Vitamin C is used for its antioxidant properties, Vitamin C 1 accelerate color development, prevents Color fading , inhibits nitrosamine formation, and 2 prevents oxidation.." Vitamin c is more stable in amber colored containers ,and glass containers than in white ,and brown containers." ( Ahmed AA p 3 ). 3 "Vitamin C can improve the bread dough, where it improves the dough texture and loaf volume. " (Hosney R

Business Employment Law (R. Williams Construction Co. v. OSHRC) Assignment

Business Employment Law (R. Williams Construction Co. v. OSHRC) - Assignment Example In September 2002, Jose Aguiniga, an employee of Williams was killed when an underground system he was cleaning caved-in at the Santa Ynez worksite. Subsequently the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) received the information and immediately embarked on the site assessment (Silverstein, 2008). As the consequence of that assessment, the Commission served citations on the construction company claiming violations of the Act. The respondent acted by filing with the Commission, their contest against the findings. In January 2004, the Commission heard the case in Santa Barbara, California. The legal issue in Williams was whether the respondent violated the safety standards under Section 651-678 of the Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA) 1970, which if proven, would be the cause in fact of the injury upon the employees (Walsh, 2012). The regulator alleged that Williams had violated the safety standards leading to the loss of life of one employee and serious injury upon the person of another. First, Williams breached the OSH Act 1970 by digging a narrow and poorly maintained trench measuring 12 feet deep at the construction site. Although the upper walls of the trench were slanting outwards, the deeper, lower part was not properly reinforced to avoid a possible cave-in. Second, Williams failed to remind its employees about the safety measures they should observe while working on the site. The employees who were injured had been regularly doing a clean-up of the submersible pump placed on the floor of trench without any significant protective gear or knowledge (Walsh, 2012). Williams was unsuccessful in its claims that every employee was supposed to observe their own safety in the workplace because its behavior was negligent. The company’s leadership failed to demonstrate the behavior of a reasonable person acting under similar circumstances. Williams was negligent in its deployment of employees in risky working conditions, with clear

Video Game Addiction Effects

Video Game Addiction Effects Technology is one of the major assets in todays world. Some human being living in this world surely uses technology in their everyday living. However, there are some disadvantages that lead to Video game addiction. First, excessive use of computer there are some instances that they dont want themselves to be involve in other social activities. Second is the demand for violence that it may arise because of an innate boy desire to witness violence, males are looking for strong role models, whom they find in these shows and games. They may isolate themselves in the way that they dont want to focus almost entirely in-game achievements rather than broader life events. The first possible cause is that in the hypothetical world created by such games, gamers become confident and gain satisfaction which they cannot get in the real world. Second, many video games satisfy the basic psychological needs like rewards, freedom and connection with other players and lastly, video games are becoming i ncreasingly complex, detailed and compelling to a growing international audience of players. There are lots of effects of video gaming upon children, the physical, emotional and in behavior. Some gamer dont care if they dont eat just to play, some are being aggressive due to the violent game and Compulsive behaviors are rooted in need to reduce tensions caused by inner feelings a person wants to avoid or control. Video Game Addiction Technology is one of the major assets in todays world. Some human being living in this world surely uses technology in their everyday living. Nowadays, technology does have many uses and advantages yet one cannot deny, it also has some disadvantages and one of this is video game addiction. Cause and effects of the video game addiction recommends some solutions Video Game Addiction is excessive or compulsive use of computer or video games that interferes with our daily life. Instances have been reported in which users play compulsively, isolating themselves from other forms of social contacts and focusing almost entirely in-game achievements rather than broader life events. (Retrieved June 25, 2007,http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/video_game_addiction), and Studies have indicated that males play video games more frequently than females. Television program producers and video game manufacturers may produce violent shows and games for this audience. This demand for violence may not arise be cause of an innate male desire to witness violence, but because males are looking for strong role models, which they find in these shows and games (Clark, 1993).The video game industry has existed for decades and it has begun with William Higginbothams tennis for two oscilloscope, which has been debuted in 1958. Video gaming is worldwide phenomenon that has been developed into a multi-billion dollar industry. The three largest markets for video games are the United States, Japan and the United Kingdom. Other significant markets are Australia, Canada, Spain, Germany, South Korea, Mexico, France and Italy. India and China are considered as emerging markets in the Video Game industry.   There are some possible causes that are related to this addiction. The first possible cause is that in the hypothetical world created by such games, gamers become confident and gain satisfaction which they cannot get in the real world. Second, many video games satisfy the basic psychological needs like rewards, freedom and connection with other players and lastly, video games are becoming increasingly complex, detailed and compelling to a growing international audience of players. And since the problem is a relatively new phenomenon, the exact cause of game addiction is unknown. However, this addiction appears to be most common among younger male players. It may also have a cultural component. In South Korea, video games were recently blamed for the deaths of four young men. One died after playing Star craft for 50 hours with few breaks. A four-month old baby also died after her parents left her unattended to play World of War craft. (http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/technology/4137782.stm ) There are also some negative effects. First is that it displaces physical activity and the time spent upon studies, with friends and even with family. Psychiatrists are concerned about the wellbeing of children who spend much of their time with video games that they may not develop friendships, get some outdoor exercise or suffer in their schoolwork. For sure that a child who spends most of his time playing video games may be prone to violence and may be at risk for behavioral and other health problems. Second is an increase in physical, emotional and behavioral disorder. Among mental health professionals, there are those who maintain that in playing video games, certain children can develop a sense of proficiency which they might not otherwise achieve. However, other authorities speculate that performing violent actions in video games may be more conducive to childrens aggression than passively watching violent acts on television. According to this view, the more children practice v iolence acts, the more likely they are to perform violent acts (Clark, 1993). Some educational professionals, while allowing that video games permit children to engage in a somewhat creative dialogue, maintain that this engagement is highly constrained compared to other activities, such as creative writing (Provenzo, 1992) A problem shared by those who rate violence in television and video games is that the definition of violence is necessarily subjective. Given this subjectivity, raters have attempted to assess antisocial violence more accurately by ranking violent acts according to severity, noting the context in which violent acts occur, and considering the overall message as pro- or anti- violence. However, the factor of context is typically missing in video games. There are no grey areas in the behavior of game characters, and players are rarely required to reflect or make contextual judgments (Provenzo, 1992).Among mental health professionals, there are those who maintain that in playing video games, certain children can develop a sense of proficiency which they might not otherwise achieve. Ratings of video game violence have developed as an extension of ratings of television violence. Among those organizations that have attempted to rate television violence, the National Coalition on Television Violence (NCTV) has also developed a system to rate the violent content of video games. The NCTV system contains ratings that range from XUnfit and XV (highly violent) to PG and G ratings. Between summer and Christmas of 1989, NCTV surveyed 176 Nintendo video games. Among the games surveyed, 11.4% received the XUnfit rating. Another 44.3% and 15.3% received the other violent ratings of XV and RV, respectively. A total of 20% of games received a PG or G rating (NCTV, 1990).Some educational professionals, while allowing that video games permit children to engage in a somewhat creative dialogue, maintain that this engagement is highly constrained compared to other a ctivities, such as creative writing (Provenzo, 1992) Excessive use of video games may have some or all of the symptoms of drug addiction or other proposed psychological addictions. Some players become more concerned with their interactions in the game than in their broader lives. Players may play many hours per day, gain or lose significant weight due to playing, disrupt sleep patterns to play and suffer sleep deprivation as an effect, play at work, avoid phone calls from friends and/or lie about play time. Relationships with family and friends and performance at work or school may suffer (Tanner, 2007). In the world of video game addiction theres an increasing evidence that people of all ages, especially teens and pre-teens, are facing very real, sometimes severe consequences associated with the excessive use of video games .Most adolescents like to spend their free time playing video games. But for some who starts out as innocent recreation can lead to addiction. Soon, friends, family, schools, and eve personal hygiene are neglected as nearly every spare moment is spent playing the game. When I first saw the game of my best friends I asked them curiously How to play that kind of game? because I dont really know how to play Depends of the Ancients commonly called DOTA I was a third year student when I had been influence by my best friends to play such game, since the day Ive watched them play, I was tempted to play too, it just looks like interesting and funà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦At first its really hard for me to learn that game, first of all we dont have computer at home. But, I learned f rom my companion because, in every time they play, I play too, even Im not as good as them. Since then I always play without realizing that Im playing too much, wasting time just playing. But Im not that kind of addict that can neglect their friends, family school and especially personal hygiene. I just play when I have nothing to do and I can even manage my time regularly. Even now, I just play whenever I have nothing to do such as schoolworks. It just happen before because when you are playing, you just can forget the things that you need to do first before playing and the feeling, its really different when youre playing the excitement, eagerness to win etcà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦According to Websters Dictionary, an addictive behavior allows a person to become dependent or compulsively obsessed with anything. Compulsive behaviors are rooted in need to reduce tensions caused by inner feelings a person wants to avoid or control. This fantasy world allows endless opportunities to the gam er to keep feeding their addiction, said Schaperow. It is not the game that is the problem; it is other problems in their lives that they cannot control. The game allows the person to escape from reality and take control of the fantasy world. Treatment for the disorder varies, however most therapists and professionals agree that the root of the problem is to find the progressive reasoning in the mind and create a solution. It involves recognizing unhelpful or destructive patterns of thinking and reacting, said Schaperow, then modifying or replacing these with more realistic or helpful.Scahperow said the video game addict should first recognize their problem, then they can replace the negative feelings that steer them toward the video games and progressively escape into a more positive reality. Schaperow gave the example of a person who has a negative outlook on their job and feels that they cannot ever perform at a high level. If that person instead, thinks it is possible, their con fidence will be restored to a higher level, allowing that person to see life different, and ultimately not need to escape to a reality world. (http://www.theparentreport.com/resources/ages/preteen/kids_culture/130.html) There are certain solutions regarding video game addiction. First, limit the time spent online. With unlimited access to the internet 24 hours a day, stopping an addiction is nearly impossible. Take the computer out of their rooms. Move the computer shared room so that you can see how much time they are spending online and much better to monitor their habits.

Blogs and Identities :: Web Individuality Privacy Internet Essays

Blogs and Identities When I think of an individual, I think of one person, and that person has one distinct identity. When I discovered that people whom blog change their identities, I thought it was strange and wondered why they do this. I first noticed this in the â€Å"Always and Forever† blog I have been observing. The couple in this blog do not use their real names. I understand that you might have to alter your personality a bit depending on where you are or whom you are with. For example, you would not swear if you were trying to impress your soon to be in-laws. When I talk about changing identity I am talking about using a totally different identity and many times they also change their personality. As Judith S. Donath states, â€Å"Identity plays a key role in virtual communities. In communication, which is the primary activity, knowing the identity of those with whom you communicate is essential for understanding and evaluating an interaction. Yet in the disembodied world of the virtual community, identity is also ambiguous. Many of the basic cues about personality and social role we are accustomed to in the physical world are absent. (â€Å"Identity and Deception†) Blogs and identity from society’s eyes One of the main reasons that I think people change their identity is because they feel as though they are inadequate in some part of their life. Maybe they do not have their dream job, or maybe they are not married and they think they should be. Anything can make a person feel as though they are not good enough. In today’s society there is the expectation that everyone should live by certain standard, and this could make someone feel very uncomfortable with who they really are. As Mead says, â€Å"This is particularly relevant to an interactionist perspective because the positions into which we fall (and their behavioural expectations, or roles) are reinforced not only by our own conceptions of "who I am," but also by the perceived conceptions of "who I ought to be" or a reflection upon what social positions others put us into ("taking the role of the other").† (Parents) Another thing is that they might be unsure about is their sexuality. They might want to become someone of the opposite sex in their blogs and see how it feels or how people react to them. As Sherry Turkle states, â€Å"even a assumed male persona to experience for herself the Net’s gender bending abilities.

A study of anatomy and physiology of movement of upper limb

The procedure in lifting the hand to drink water is a complex one which involves a huge amount of technology inter-transfer between the brain and the eventual skeletal muscle.There is initiation of the movement at the brain which is transmitted via specialized white fibre tracts to the hip flexors via the intermediate spinal cord, involving a very complex mechanism at the cellular levelThe initiation of the   process is at the motor cortex (Ms I) of the brain. The primary motor area is located at the precentral gyrus of the frontal lobe. The area controlling the motion of the lower limbs lies towards the superior surface of the brain. Within this area lies the cell body of the primary neuron. These neurons are known as upper motor neurons (UMN).These UMNs receive modulating impulse from the inputs from the cerebellum and the basal ganglia via the extrapyramidal pathways. These tracts modulate the gross movement initiated at the frontal cortex. In turn these areas are modulated by a fferent signals from ascending spino cerebellar, and spino-thalamic pathways.   The signal initiated at the nucleus of the cell body is transmitted electronically via the axon of the myelinated neuron via the mode of salutatory conduction.The myelin sheath which surrounds the axon of nerves that involve fast transport, breaks at intermediate regions known as Nodes of Ranvier. The electrical impulse moves in   a jumping manner at these nodes nerve transmission as a neural impulse, generated by the formation of a nerve action potential. Like all excitable tissue, nerves maintain a resting membrane potential that is the difference of voltage across the membrane of the neuron. In neurons this value is   – 70 mV.This voltage difference is maintained by the Na/K pump on the membranes. This impulse generated at the axon hillock is transmitted via the depolarizing phase which allows sodium ions ingress into cells via opening of the Na channels. This entry of Na in one portion a llows activation of other Na channels, causing depolarization of the adjacent region of the neuron. Subsequently repolarization occurs via the opening of K channels, which restores the membrane potential.Thus this process continues which allows the transmission of impulse. Many such nerves together descend as the descending cortico spinal tract in the pyramidal system, which travels through the midbrain into the spinal cord, decussating at the level of midbrain( 90% of the fibres decussating and forming the lateral spinothalamic tract) and again at the level of spinal cord ( the other 10%, forming the anterior spinothalamic tract) .It is the former which is responsible for the upper limb movements. The cortico-spinal tract travels in the anterior horn cell of the spinal cord till the brachial plexus where they synapse with the spinal ventral root neuron (lower motor neuron). A single post-synaptic neuron receives signals from many neurons. At the axon terminal, the propagation of im pulses leads to release of neurotransmitters, which are stored in specialized vesicles.The released Ach diffuses into the synaptic cleft and binds with receptors on the post synaptic membrane to produce excitatory post synaptic potentials. This leads to generation and propagation of impulse in nerves which are destined to innervate the neuro-muscular junction. At the neuro-muscular junction, Ach is released, which diffuses into the synovial cleft and binds to receptors in the motor end plate, and triggers a muscle action potential.The released Ach is destroyed by the acetylcholinestrase. At the level of the sarcolemma of the muscles, the muscle AP travels along T-tubules, opening Ca release channels in the sarcoplasmic reticulum. Ca binds to troponin-tropomysin complex, which releases the myosin heads, these then bind to the actin thin filaments, and draws them closer to the M line. Meanwhile bringing the Z disc closer.This leads to muscle fibre contraction. This is a self propagati ng sequence eventually leading to the contraction muscles involved in the movement. Each nerve fibre innervates many musle fibres ( about 150). This is the motor unit.The greater the number of motor units recruited by the nerve action potential, the greater the force of contraction of the muscles. In the spinal cord, nerve impulse travels along the brachial plexus (C5 – T1) to innervate the Pectoralis major (Arm adduction and flexion – reaching out to hold the glass), Flexor digitorum superficialis and profundii of all fingers, the interossei and the lumbricals of all digits, opponens pollicis, flexor pollicis brevis , adducor pollicis and abductor pollicis brevis ( gripping of the glass by the fingers flexion at metacarpophalangeal.Proximal interphalangeal and the distal interphalangeal joint of the fingers; the carpometqcarpal joint, metacarpophalangeal and the interphalangeal joint of the thumb); then contraction of the biceps brachii ( elbow flexion) and the supina tor ( supination at the elbow joint); finally the contraction of the triceps muscle ( elbow extension, to put the glass back).This excitatory impulse is also associated with the production of inhibitory action potential ( hyperpolarizing impulse) in the antagonists (eg triceps during elbow flexion, and biceps during elbow extension)   

Equity in the Academic Labor Market

Equity in the Academic Labor Market Introduction The issue of equity in academic labor market has been already discussed by a number of people.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Equity in the Academic Labor Market specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The reasons of this investigation vary considerably: some researchers find it necessary to define the conditions under which academic disciplines may be considerably improved, some people want to introduce better conditions in a particular labor market, and in some investigations, the idea of gender and racial inequality turns out to be a rather significant question that has to be solved within a short period of time. During the last decade, several American researchers offer their ideas concerning the improvement of the conditions under which equity in academic labor market may be promoted, still, the analysis of academic disciplines shows that the necessary changes do not take place accordingly so tha t working conditions are improved. This is why it seems to be obligatory not to develop some new ideas and methods to solve the already defined problem but try to make use of the offered ideas and evaluate their effectiveness from a variety of perspectives. This is why the idea to use secondary research methods to investigate the equity in academic labor market and introduce the analysis of academic disciplines is considered to be powerful indeed. The evaluation of the already implemented hierarchical linear model (Umbach, 2007), certain analysis of academia population (Mayer Tikka, 2008), and attention to the data offered by the National Study of Postsecondary Faculty (Xu, 2007) will help to define the problems in academic labor market and propose the solutions which will be more appropriate to a particular population. Method and Design Description Taking into consideration the fact that the equity in the academic labor market has been already investigated by a number of researche rs, it is possible to rely on the secondary research method that aims at synthesizing and evaluating the already existing thoughts and material on the chosen topic. The data sources for the chosen method are considered to be the surveys offered by National Study of Postsecondary Faculty (NSOPF) and the articles where the required investigations are described.Advertising Looking for research paper on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The point is that gender inequality is the issue that bothers many people as female attempts to gain equity seem to be not comparable for women in each district of the USA as poor, less-educated women or the women of color cannot get an access to the gains which are available to white, rich, and properly educated women (Richardson Sandoval, 2007). The investigations of Umbach (2009) help to understand that market segmentation is considered to be an important aspect of sex differ ences which may be observed at the academic labor market because women have to work under poorer conditions characterized by lower prestige. The worth of the use of the hierarchical linear modeling has been already checked by such researchers like Umbach and Seifert (2007), this is why it is possible to focus on the same model to evaluate certain individual characteristics and their relation to academic salaries. In other words, some contextual effects which are inherent to academic disciplines and faculty salary equity will be taken into consideration (Umbach, 2007). Integration of the information from different sources will allow creating a clear background with the help of which the current diversity of academic people may be described. Equity in academia is regarded as unsolved issue, this is why any type of contribution to this sphere of life will become crucial. Strengths of the Chosen Method One of the powerful aspects of the chosen method is that certain attention is paid to the already identified problems and challenges. There is no need to conduct research to understand that is wrong with the academic disciplines and equity in the labor market. Several sufficient researchers have already admit that the number of women who may earn certification in the required education administration does not correspond to the national level, still, the results of the evaluation of the existing preparatory programs prove that women are more eager to gain knowledge in the academic sphere (Shakeshaft et al., 2007).Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Equity in the Academic Labor Market specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The results of their investigations prove that women do face certain problems in the labor market, and the identification of the reasons of why so many people cannot solve the problem help to understand why the chosen concept is still under discussions. One more strong aspect of the method and the design under consideration is connected to the status of American women on the world arena. Women have to be invited to the academic staff, still, the already introduced gender stereotypes and social conditions under which women have to enter the labor market are not as successful as meant to be. Finally, the last strength of the envisioned method is that the current achievements in analyzing information should help to gain better understanding of the material offered by the researchers mentioned above. Time factor plays a very important role as people get more opportunities to investigate their possibilities and their achievements in different spheres. This is why it is not only better to use the offered secondary research method and focus on the already introduced findings but also more appropriate to learn what is already offered to society and make use of the achievements. Appropriateness of the Design Research design offered in this project will help to hold all the findings together. It should show the way of how the main parts of the project should be organized and the conditions which should be created for the research. The analysis of up-to-date literature, identification of the weaknesses in the sphere under consideration, and implementation of new ideas should encourage the researchers to develop new ideas and introduce new solutions of the old problems. The point is that equity in the academic labor market has been already identified as a problem to be solved, and the analysis of academic disciplines as well as the role of gender and racial factors should be re-evaluated. Stromquist (2007) admits that â€Å"education is related positively to individual, community, and national benefits† from a pure human capital perspective (p. 33).Advertising Looking for research paper on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More It seems rational to consider the reasons of why someone may think that the educational system is not perfect. Then, it is possible to underline the challenges possible in the academic labor market. And finally, it is necessary to use the already made achievements and the worth of the hierarchical linear model and apply this material to introduce some new ideas and suggestions on how the role of women as well as some other types of inequality should be solved in society. Weaknesses of the envisioned method and design In addition to the already identified strong aspects of the project, there is a list of weaknesses which have to be elaborated to achieve better results in the chosen investigation. Equity in the academic labor market and the analysis of academic disciplines should help to solve the problems because of which many people suffer nowadays. Unfortunately, it is not possible to implement the offered ideas in different countries, this is why such developed countries like the USA or China will get more chances to improve the conditions under which the labor market may be developed, and a number of developing countries fail to take the same steps. One more shortage of the chosen method is based on the lack of primary sources. On the one hand, it is beneficial to use the findings of professionals and be sure of their quality. On the other hand, the chosen method is not as powerful as it could be due to inabilities to make certain improvements during the analysis itself. There is a list of conditions which have to be taken into consideration, and there is no possibility to add some new components to the research. Justification of the Chosen Method and Design Alternative methods Among the existing variety of alternative methods which may be applied to investigate the chosen question, primary research such as interviews with the representatives of academic labor market or evaluation of the documents which describe difference academic disciplines and their pec uliarities. Still, such methods seem to be less desirable as certain findings have been already fixed but fewer positive achievements are defined. This is why it seems to be more appropriate to make use of the already gained material, consider the thoughts of professional researchers, and focus on equity that is so important in the academic labor market. Communication with direct representatives of the labor market as well as some empirical methods is possible, however, such methods require more time and efforts to be used. In addition, the choice of such alternative methods may promote some doubts on the ideas offered by Umbach or Mayer. Still, there are many people who support the ideas of these researchers, this is why it is more reasonable to make use of their suggestions and thoughts. Weakness of alternative methods The main weakness of the chosen alternative methods is inability to find appropriate evidences. It is possible to interview on group of people at the academic labor market, still, it is hard to prove that other representatives of the chosen labor market face the same challenges. A number of factors have to be taken into consideration, and it is challenging to create some new programs which promote the development of equity. This is why it is possible to use model programs and equitable assessment tools offered earlier (Nash et al., 2007) and pay more attention on the development of quality tools instead of searching some new aspects of old problems. The offered alternative methods have been already used in the middle of the 20th century. As soon as civil rights movement appeared in the middle of the 1960s (Toutkoushian, Bellas, Moore, 2007), people wanted to get to know why employers, who perform equal amounts of work, have to receive different salaries being the same representatives of the labor market. This is why the main weakness of the alternative methods – past experience proved that some problems may appear during the investigat ion of the chosen issue, and it is better to concentrate on the already got data and try to improve the conditions within a short period of time. Success of the offered methodology The success of the offered methodology is predetermined by several factors. First of all, it is easy to find powerful evidence of the chosen ideas. The support of such researchers like Umbach proves that the chosen way of analysis is beneficial indeed. Another important aspect of the research is the attention to HLM with the help of which it is possible to evaluate the role of human capital and certain structural characteristics of different disciplines. And finally, the offered ideas should help to improve the discipline outcomes and their role in the labor market. Statistical models are not integral nowadays as they do not introduce a clear and definite solution of the problem. And the chosen method and design should promote a new stage with the help of which it is possible to define the steps by means of which people will get a chance to achieve the required equity. Conclusion In general, the theme of equity in the academic labor market seems to be rather important and influential. In fact, the quality of life is defined by the conditions under which people get and give education. If some mistakes take place in the educational system, it is obligatory to eliminate them within a short period of time. However, a number of past investigations show that certain attempts and ideas are offered still cannot be elaborated accordingly. This is why it is necessary to take into consideration the already got data, evaluate the findings in the chosen sphere of life, and think about the improvements which may be done on the provided basis. There is no need to create some innovative approaches but focus on what is already offered and try to improve the academic market. The analysis of academic disciplines in the United States should be organized on the researches conducted from 2007 to 2009. Re ference List Mayer, A.J. Tikka, P.M. (2008, November). Family-friendly policies and gender bias in academia. Journal of Higher Education Policy and Management, 30(4), 363-374. Nash, M.A., Klein, S.S., Bitters, B., Hobbs, S., Hotre, W.A., Shevtz., L., Wbarton, L. (2007). The role of government in advancing gender equity in education. In S.S. Klein (Eds.), Handbook for achieving gender equity through education (pp. 62-102). Mahwah: Routledge. Richardson, B. Sandoval, P. (2007). Impact of education on gender equity in employment and its outcomes. In S.S. Klein (Eds.), Handbook for achieving gender equity through education (pp. 43-58). Mahwah: Routledge. Seifert, T. Umach, P. (2008, June). The effects of faculty demographic characteristics and disciplinary context on dimensions of job satisfaction. Research in Higher Education, 49(4), 357-381. Shakeshaft, C., Brown, G., Irby, B.I., Grogan, M., Ballenger, J. (2007). Increasing gender equity in educational leadership. In S.S. Klein (E ds.), Handbook for achieving gender equity through education (pp. 103-130). Mahwah: Routledge. Stromquist, N. P. (2007). Gender equity education globally. In S.S. Klein (Eds.), Handbook for achieving gender equity through education (pp. 33-42). Mahwah: Routledge. Toutkoushian, R.K., Bellas, M.L., Moore, J.V. (2007, October). The interaction effects of gender, race, and marital status on faculty salaries. Journal of Higher Education, 78(5), p. 572-601. Umbach, P.D. (2007, March). Gender equity in the academic labor market: An analysis of academic disciplines. Research in Higher Education, 48(2), 169-192. Umbach, P.D. (2009, November). Sex segregation in academic labor markets and equity in faculty pay. Paper is published at the 34th Annual Conference of ASHE, Ralegh, NC, Xu, Y.J. (2007, May). Gender disparity in STEM disciplines: A study of faculty attrition and turnover intentions. Research in Higher Education, 49(7), 607-624.